India on Wednesday carried out strikes on nine Pakistani locations it said constituted "terrorist infrastructure", two weeks after 26 people were killed in an attack in Indian Kashmir, which New Delhi blamed on Islamabad.
Islamabad says six locations were hit and eight people were killed.
As the nuclear-armed rivals, who have fought three wars so far, intensify exchanges of fire and shelling along their de facto border in Kashmir, Reuters has published a chronology of the major military and diplomatic escalations in their strained relations since 1999:
May–July 1999:
India and Pakistan are fighting an undeclared war in the Kargil region of Kashmir after irregular forces backed by the Pakistani army seize Indian positions along the Line of Control (LoC), a ceasefire line. India regains control after fierce fighting. The United States (US) is pressuring Pakistan to withdraw.
December 2001:
Gunmen attack the Indian parliament building in New Delhi, killing nine people. India blames Pakistan-based Islamist groups Jaish-e-Mohammed and Lashkar-e-Taiba for the attack. The two countries come to the brink of a fourth war.
November 2008:
Ten heavily armed attackers target important buildings in Mumbai, including two luxury hotels, a Jewish center, and a major railway station, killing 166 people. India suspends all negotiations with Pakistan, which briefly resume years later through a structured peace process.
January 2016:
Attackers disguised as soldiers storm an Indian Air Force base near the Pakistani border, where they exchange fire with Indian forces who, supported by tanks and helicopters, fight a battle lasting more than 15 hours to regain control of the complex.
All five attackers and at least two guards were killed.
India claims the attackers came from Pakistan, while Pakistani authorities condemn the attack. Peace talks, which were resumed in late 2015, are again stalled.
September 2016:
Eighteen Indian soldiers were killed in an attack on an army base in Uri, in Indian-administered Kashmir. India blames Pakistan for the attack and is responding with so-called "surgical strikes" across the LoC on what it calls terrorist training camps.
Pakistan denies that there has been any incursion into its territory.
February 2019:
A suicide bomber kills 40 Indian paramilitary police in Kashmir. India carries out airstrikes on Balakot, Pakistan.
Pakistan responds with its own airstrikes, and both sides shoot down each other's aircraft. The crisis subsides under international pressure.
August 2019:
India revokes Kashmir's special status, scrapping a constitutional provision that allowed the state of Jammu and Kashmir to make its own laws. Pakistan downgrades diplomatic relations and suspends trade.
April 2025:
Twenty-six men are killed after Islamist gunmen target Hindu tourists in Indian-administered Kashmir. India blames Pakistan-backed groups; Pakistan denies involvement and calls for an independent investigation.
India suspends the 1960 Indus Waters Treaty, which regulates the distribution of waters from the Indus River and its tributaries, while Pakistan suspends all trade with India, including that via third countries.
Both countries are closing their airspace to aircraft from the other country, and India is canceling most visas issued to Pakistani citizens.
Bonus video:
